On 15 July 2026 the European Commission's AI Office published Enhancing competitiveness, sovereignty and security of the European Union in frontier AI, a report gathering the outcomes of the first meeting of the Expert Forum on Frontier AI, convened in April 2026 with more than 100 experts drawn from European AI developers, industry and investors, technical research, academia and think tanks.

On 10 June 2026, Italy's Council of Ministers gave preliminary approval to two legislative decree schemes implementing Law No. 132 of 23 September 2025 (Legge 132/2025) — Italy's primary domestic law adapting the national legal order to Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (the AI Act).  More precisely, there are two schemes: the first addresses the powers of the national authorities and the use of artificial intelligence in education and training; the second covers the use of AI systems in policing, and civil and criminal liability. With these texts, the Italian Government begins to build the national institutional framework for AI regulation, in implementation of the AI Act.  The timeline is broad, because the subject matter itself is broad. In this first article, we focus on the first scheme, and specifically on its governance structure and penalty regime.